In order to compare the differences between the eastern and western regions of Shandong Province, China, this study divides Shandong Province into two regions. The eastern region includes five prefecture-level cities and the western region includes 11 prefecture-level cities. The regression analysis model of this study uses the GDP per capita of each prefecture-level cities as the dependent variable. And the explanatory variables include labor force, capital, and foreign direct investment. The proxy variable for labor force is the employed population. The proxy variable for capital is the fixed asset investment amount. The actual foreign direct investment amount in the current year is used for foreign direct investment. The analysis period of this study is set to 1990-2022. The analysis results of this paper can be summarized in three points. First, foreign direct investment has a positive effect on the regional economic development of Shandong Province during the period of 1990-2022. In particular, the influence is relatively large in the eastern region of Shandong Province. Second, the period from 1990 to 2000 is a period of quantitative growth for foreign direct investment in Shandong Province. The regression coefficient of the eastern region is relatively large. This can be interpreted as foreign direct investment having a greater impact on the regional economic development of the eastern region. Third, the period from 2001 to 2022 is a period of qualitative development for foreign direct investment in Shandong Province. The absolute value of the regression coefficient of foreign direct investment in the eastern region of Shandong Province is decreasing. At the same time, the absolute value of the regression coefficient of the western region is increasing. This means that the impact of foreign direct investment on the regional economic development of the western region of Shandong Province is relatively increasing. The analysis results of this study are summarized as follows: There is a difference in the impact of foreign direct investment in the eastern and western regions of Shandong Province. This difference provides important theoretical implications for future regional economic development policies.

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Virtual Reality (VR) technology is rapidly integrating into the education field, creating immersive and interactive learning experiences for learners, and showing tremendous potential, especially in fine arts education. VR fine arts education can break through spatial and temporal limitations, provide close access to scarce art resources, and stimulate learners' creativity and interest in learning. However, there is a lack of in-depth research on the factors influencing learners' continuance learning intention, particularly the mechanism of sensory experience. This study aims to explore how visual and tactile experiences in VR fine arts education affect students' continuance learning intention through sense of presence and flow experience. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 406 Chinese students who had used VR devices in their art courses, and structural equation modeling was used for analysis. The results show that visual experience significantly enhances the sense of presence and flow experience, thereby promoting continuance learning intention; tactile experience has a positive impact on flow experience but no significant effect on the sense of presence. The study reveals the differential mechanisms of sensory experience in VR fine arts education, providing a theoretical basis for optimizing VR art teaching design. These findings help improve the application effectiveness of VR technology in art education and promote educational reform and innovation.

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As the global issue of population aging intensifies, addressing this challenge has become an urgent task for countries worldwide, with smart elderly care viewed as a potential solution. With the rapid development of digital technology, introducing digital design into age-friendly housing to meet the needs of the elderly and improve their quality of life through intelligent services has become a new trend in current research and practice. However, there is still limited research on how digital design affects the subjective well-being of elderly residents, and the understanding of its mechanisms remains unclear. This study focuses on age-friendly housing in Guangzhou, China, using questionnaire surveys and structural equation modeling to explore how digital design influences residents' subjective well-being through factors such as social identity and mental health. The results show a positive correlation between the level of digital design in housing and residents' subjective well-being; no significant correlation between social identity and subjective well-being; and mental health plays a partial mediating role between digital design and subjective well-being. These findings reveal the internal mechanism of how digital design affects the well-being of elderly residents, enriching theoretical understanding in the fields of environmental psychology and smart elderly care. The research results have important practical implications for optimizing the design of age-friendly housing and improving residents' well-being, while also providing new ideas for deepening interdisciplinary research. This study calls for attention to the social and psychological effects of digital technology applications in smart elderly care practices, adhering to people-centered principles to promote the physical and mental health of the elderly.

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Today, in the midst of uncertain international external environment and changing management environment, the importance of innovation for the survival and development of enterprises is increasing day by day. Employee work has become the subject of enterprise innovation, and its important role in the process of enterprise innovation does not need to be concerned, and how to stimulate innovative behavior of members has already become a notable issue in the management field. Existing literature points out that leadership has a significant influence on employee behavior. Therefore, this paper studied the effect of empowering leadership perceived by members of high-tech enterprises on innovative behavior in the Chinese management context, and also verified the mediating and moderating effects in the relationship between psychological empowerment and organizational justice. This paper collected data through a survey of 208 members of 10 high-tech enterprises in Shandong Province, and analyzed the data using SPSS and AMOS. The results of the analysis are as follows: (1) empowering leadership had a significant positive effect on members' innovative behavior; (2) psychological empowerment had a mediating effect on the effect of empowering leadership on members' innovative behavior; and (3) organizational justice had a moderating effect on the relationship between empowering leadership and innovative behavior. The significance of this study is that it enriches the theory of empowering leadership and provides a new way of thinking about the innovative behavior of organizational members. On the basis of results of the study, we suggest that (1) empowering leadership should be fostered; (2) psychological empowerment should be emphasized and communication within the organization should be strengthened; and (3) differences in employee values should be paid attention to and differentiated management should be implemented.

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With the rapid development of MOOCs, users in open online learning environments are more susceptible to information overload, attention dispersion, and other issues, leading to significantly increased feelings of overload and fatigue, which in turn generate discontinuous usage intention. However, the influencing mechanism of MOOC users' discontinuous usage intention is currently unclear, and relevant research is relatively scarce. Based on the Stressor-Strain-Outcome (SSO) theoretical framework, this study constructs a theoretical model comprising information overload, interaction overload, academic overload, fatigue, and discontinuous usage intention. Through a questionnaire survey, 408 valid samples were collected, and the model's goodness of fit was verified using structural equation modeling. The study found that information overload and academic overload positively influence fatigue, while interaction overload has no significant impact on fatigue; fatigue plays a partial mediating role between information overload, academic overload, and discontinuous usage intention. This research deepens the understanding of overload stressors, emotional responses, and behavioral coping in online learning contexts, expanding the application of SSO theory in the educational field. The research conclusions have implications for optimizing MOOC platform design, alleviating student fatigue, and improving continuance intention, providing decision-making references for promoting high-quality and sustainable development of MOOCs.

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This study aims to project the future trajectory of North Korea-China relations by analyzing the factors that facilitate or constrain the 'strategic cooperation' between North Korea and China during the Xi Jinping-Kim Jong Un era. To this end, the factors that facilitate or constrain strategic cooperation between North Korea and China are analyzed at three levels: structural, bilateral relations, and domestic political dimensions. The analysis results indicate that the structural dimension, exemplified by the intensification of the U.S.-China strategic competition and the Russia-Ukraine war, has had the greatest impact in promoting 'strategic cooperation' between North Korea and China. Conversely, the factors that constrain 'strategic cooperation' between North Korea and China include the lack of mutual 'strategic trust' in the bilateral relations dimension and domestic factors such as China's 'great power' identity and North Korea's 'de facto nuclear state' identity. This implies that the stronger the structural factors such as the U.S.-China strategic competition and the Russia-Ukraine war become, the more likely it is to promote strategic cooperation between North Korea and China. Conversely, the more influence bilateral relations and domestic factors have, the more likely they are to constrain strategic cooperation between North Korea and China. Considering that North Korea has actively utilized its geopolitical value and 'great power politics' to stabilize its regime and address economic difficulties, it is highly likely that the Kim Jong Un regime will also utilize North Korea-China 'strategic cooperation' in its so-called 'survival strategy.' From South Korea's perspective, it is necessary to prepare for the ripple effects that various factors promoting or constraining strategic cooperation between North Korea and China might have on its foreign policy.

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This paper attempts to demonstrate that China was a traditional commercial state and that the nature of a commercial state is the biggest determinant of China's behavior, starting with the question of why there is a gap between the ideology of reciprocity advocated by China's Belt and Road Initiative and the actual China-centered behavior. China has traditionally been a commercial state in which the state pursues profit through commercial activities in a monopolistic position, and commercial state attributes are the most important factors defining the state character of modern China. Since the reform and opening up, China's top priority has been economic growth, and the Chinese Communist Party has been committed to economic development through the Taoguangyanghui(韬光养晦) and the principle of non-interference in disputes. This means that China does not intervene in disputes that are not related to its own interests, does not intervene in the political situation of trading countries in the name of non-interference in internal affairs, and continues to invest and trade with rogue countries as long as it is favorable to its interests. China's commercial state behavior, which is currently being demonstrated during the Belt and Road Initiative, is being criticized for its excessive self-interest-centered behavior. China's leadership based on shared growth and horizontal governance is also being questioned and criticized. This is because the dream of practicing traditional ideology of “Yili(義利)” and “Wangdao(王道정치)” politics created the ideology of "共商, 共建, 共享" and expanded the scope of profit sharing beyond the country's borders, but it clashed with the dominance of China's commercial state attributes that prioritize economic profit. Ultimately, through an analysis of the attributes of the Chinese state, this paper finds that China's global strategy is more focused on economic growth than on values and ideas, and that it differs from the global leadership of the United States, which was based on the ideological values of freedom and democracy.

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Law of the People’s Republic of China on Guarding State Secrets, first enacted in September 1988, was first revised on April 29, 2010, second revised on February 27, 2024, and has been officially implemented since May 1 of the same year. As a socialist country, China has from early on valued national security, is placing greater emphasis on and strengthening related legislation since particularly after the trade dispute started between the US and China following inauguration of the Trump administration in 2018. Law on the Guarding of State Secrets, revised for the second time in 2024, consists of a total of 6 chapters and 65 articles, and is further elaborated in terms of the scope and classification system of national secrets, confidentiality system and management supervision, violation and scope, and legal responsibility. It contains expanded content compared to before. Law on the Guarding of State Secrets is compatible with the ‘Anti-Espionage Law’ and constitutes an important part of China's national security system. Violation of the Law on the Guarding of State Secrets may result in legal punishment as well as criminal liability, and this may have a significant impact not only on personal safety but also on corporate management, thus requiring special attention and caution. For Korean investment companies operating in China, it has become more important to reduce risks and conduct stable business activities through a thorough understanding of the Law on the Guarding of State Secrets and efforts to respond in advance.

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The goal of this study is to analyze the real estate ownership system and legal framework for real estate foreign investors in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and to draw insights relevant to ongoing discussions in Korea. According to China's current legal framework, land ownership is vested exclusively in the State and Collective Organizations. As a result, foreign entities and individuals are not permitted to acquire land ownership but may obtain land use rights. It is important to note that these restrictions apply equally to domestic citizens and organizations, indicating that the limitations are not specifically directed towards foreign investors. In the case of houses and buildings, because of the existence of certain restrictions, foreign entities and individuals are not barred from purchasing these properties. This is important when addressing or correcting any misunderstandings about the PRC's real estate system that may exist in Korea. In recent years, a rapid increase in real estate acquisitions by foreigners has sparked active debate in Korea, encompassing a wide range of perspectives. Some argue that restrictions should be imposed on the purchase of real estate by foreign entities and individuals, while others contend that such measures could violate the principle of reciprocity recognized in international law. Both Korea and China face the challenge of limited available land for their large populations, making real estate a critical aspect in the lives of individuals. It is essential to consider legal restrictions on the purchase of domestic real estate by foreign individuals and entities in Korea. Given this shared concern, China's policy, which permits foreigners to purchase only one property for the purpose of residence, could serve as a valuable reference for formulating similar measures in Korea.

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