This study evaluates the effectiveness of China’s Green Finance Reform Pilot Zones (GFRPZ) in promoting firm-level green innovation, with an emphasis on heterogeneous impacts shaped by firms’ financial structures and institutional environments. Utilizing a difference-in-differences-in-differences (DDD) framework embedded in a random-effects panel Tobit model, we analyze a panel dataset comprising 4,477 A-share listed firms from 2011 to 2022. The empirical findings reveal that, at the full-sample level, the GFRPZ policy does not significantly enhance green innovation. However, once financial heterogeneity is considered, the policy exhibits significantly positive effects among firms with higher external financing dependence. The coefficient on the triple interaction term (Treat × Post × HighFinD) remains robust across multiple specifications, highlighting that alleviating financial frictions is crucial to policy effectiveness. The heterogeneity analysis further reveals that the reform exerts a stronger effect in state-owned enterprises, non-high-polluting firms, and those located in central and western regions—suggesting that institutional proximity, operational flexibility, and regional financial infrastructure jointly shape firm responsiveness. Robustness checks, including placebo and dynamic event-study analyses, reinforce the validity of the findings. These results suggest that green finance reforms should be differentiated according to firm-level financing constraints and regional development levels. Policies that expand access to green credit, improve capital allocation efficiency, and target financially constrained firms can generate more inclusive and impactful outcomes in driving the green transition.

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In the realm of civil litigation, facts requiring proof refer to those relevant to the civil case, primarily encompassing substantive legal facts and procedural legal facts. The latter pertains to facts that trigger the creation, modification, or termination of legal relationships in civil litigation, i.e., procedural facts under litigation law. Although distinct from primary facts directly affecting parties' substantive rights and obligations, procedural facts may indirectly influence the adjudication of substantive issues. Facts related to belated evidence submission fall within the category of procedural facts. The assertion and proof of such facts determine whether belated evidence submission can be recognized and whether delayed evidence may be admitted for case adjudication. In civil law jurisdictions, the standard of proof for substantive legal facts generally requires a “high probability” threshold, while specific procedural matters adopt a “preponderance of probability” standard, as explicitly prescribed in civil procedure laws and related statutes. In Chinese judicial practice concerning the determination and proof of belated evidence submission, issues persist, including courts' ambiguities in understanding the nature and constitutive elements of belated evidence submission, insufficient explanations to parties regarding the consequences of delayed evidence submission, neglect of objections raised by opposing parties, and erroneous allocation of the burden of proof to objectors. To address these challenges, it is imperative to systematically clarify and define the nature and constitutive elements of belated evidence submission, and rigorously uphold the principle of good faith. These measures will effectively regulate untimely evidence submission, advance the substantive adjudication of cases, enhance litigation efficiency, ensure procedural justice, and thereby safeguard parties' procedural rights and interests.

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The accelerating demands of global climate governance have positioned green subsidies as indispensable instruments for attaining the Paris Agreement's emission reduction targets. However, the current lack of specific WTO provisions addressing climate-related subsidies continues to generate persistent trade conflicts among major economic powers. Against the backdrop of regulatory challenges in WTO law regarding green subsidies, the European Union(EU) has adopted unilateral regulatory measures by loosening restrictions on state aid rules and broadening exemptions for member states' green subsidies under the pretext of fulfilling Paris Agreement commitments, while simultaneously subjecting third-country enterprises - especially targeting China's renewable energy industry - to rigorous scrutiny through its Foreign Subsidies Regulation without granting equivalent environmental exemption entitlements. This regulatory approach has raised concerns regarding WTO non-discrimination compliance, exacerbated Sino-EU trade frictions, and could potentially impair global climate cooperation. To effectively address the challenges posed by the EU's dichotomous regulatory approach, China should adopt an integrated strategy. First, at the multilateral level, China should actively participate in WTO reform discussions to promote progressive rule-making that better accommodates climate-friendly subsidies. Second, through bilateral engagement, China should establish specialized consultation mechanisms with the EU to resolve disputes while seeking common ground on green subsidy policies. Third, China needs to refine its green subsidy framework by enhancing transparency and developing objective evaluation criteria. These coordinated measures would not only help mitigate current trade tensions but also contribute to developing an international consensus on green subsidies that reconciles environmental protection with fair trade practices in the global low-carbon transition.

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The purpose of this research report has been to explore the current and also the potential impacts, which the components and the policies under the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan have had on the economic growth of China. The emphasis will be on both current and potential impacts, given that the tenure of this five-year plan is from 2021 to 2025. On the other hand, there have also been substantial investments in innovations like Artificial Intelligence in the concerned country, as a part of the current growth policies, and the report has also tried to analyze the impacts of these investments on the economic growth of China. The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan has been developed and implemented in China from 2021, with the primary intention of revival of the country’s economy from the COVID-19 pandemic shocks and the adverse impacts of the US-China Trade War, and bringing the country on the path of sustained growth fuelled by technological innovations, expansion of healthcare and also sustainable practices in different aspects of the lives of its population. The findings of the study show positive and significant impacts of AI-related investments and export-related growth strategy, under the ongoing five-year plan on the economic growth of China. The forecasted government expenditure during the rest of the tenure of this Fourteenth Five-Year Plan is also expected to significantly benefit the economic growth in terms of GDP growth in the concerned country. Based on the analysis, relevant and targeted recommendations for more effective policy development in this domain have also been developed in this research article.

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Amid accelerating globalization and regional economic transformation, the mobility of highly skilled talents has emerged as a key factor in regional innovation capacity and sustainable growth. This study aims to examine the effects of the entrepreneurial environment (market, resources, and institutional norms) and innovative decision-making on mobility intention among college students in Liaoning Province, China, and to empirically analyze the mediating role of decision logic. This research addresses the theoretical gap in previous studies, which have not sufficiently explained the relationship between entrepreneurial environment and mobility intention, and highlights the need for specialized insights tailored to the Chinese regional college student population. Analysis using structural equation modeling and bootstrap techniques revealed that all three components of the entrepreneurial environment exert a significant positive influence on decision logic, and that decision logic plays an important mediating role in mobility intention. Notably, innovative decision-making was identified as the variable with the most substantial direct impact on mobility intention. This study provides practical evidence for developing regional entrepreneurial ecosystems and entrepreneurship education policies and holds academic and practical value by deepening the theoretical understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying students’ mobility intentions.

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This study aims to analyze the point of convergence between the multicultural politics promoted by the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) and the Indigenous name rectification movement initiated by Taiwan’s Indigenous peoples, and to examine how these two movements became interconnected. Taiwan’s multicultural politics began to take shape as the suppressed demands for the rights of various ethnic groups came to the forefront with the advancement of democratization. This became a key moment where the Democratic Progressive Party’s movement for Taiwan’s identity-building and the indigenous people’s efforts to restore their collective identity intersected. Particularly, the indigenous people sought to reclaim their language, history, and cultural identity, and to recover the rights that had long been oppressed. This journey began with educational and cultural movements, gradually progressing to demands for political representation, autonomy, land rights, and other tangible rights. Within this context, the DPP’s movement for Taiwan’s identity, which rejected the naming conventions imposed by the Other, evolved into a political project that went beyond mere changes in nomenclature. It became a resistance against the linguistic order produced by state power and an effort to reconstruct national identity through the name “Taiwan”. The indigenous people’s movement for renaming also originated from a critique of the othering labels such as “mountain compatriots” or “mountain people” under the Kuomintang regime, and it evolved into a struggle for the establishment of an autonomous self-identity. This study aims to demonstrate that the indigenous renaming movement is closely linked not only to cultural preservation or the recovery of ethnic rights, but also to the new national identity and political legitimacy pursued by the DPP. Through this, the study seeks to examine the implications of Taiwan’s multicultural politics and the restoration of identity in the post-colonial era from an East Asian perspective.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) governance has emerged as one of the most critical global policy agendas in recent years. Consequently, analyzing the governance characteristics of major countries and regions to promote the healthy development of global AI is garnering significant attention. This study systematically compared and analyzed the AI governance mechanisms of the United States, China, the European Union (EU), and South Korea by employing the paradigm of comparative policy research and utilizing an analytical framework based on policy process theory. The analysis revealed two distinct governance paradigms in the agenda structuring phase: vertical sector-specific regulatory approaches and horizontal risk classification systems. In terms of institutional coordination, common strategic orientations were identified toward classified governance, agile governance, and collaborative governance. At the level of policy implementation, significant divergences were observed among countries regarding their emphasis on governmental oversight, industry self-regulation, or third-party oversight mechanisms.

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The study aims to analyze the impact of cultural content development centered on Busan Chinatown on its evolution into a sustainable cultural city and to propose specific implementation strategies. In modern cities, culture serves as a crucial resource for promoting economic, social, and environmental sustainability, playing a key role in strengthening regional identity and boosting economic vitality. Busan Chinatown, with its geographical and historical characteristics and potential for Korea-China cultural convergence, holds the possibility of growing into a tourism and cultural hub. However, it currently faces limitations in areas such as tourist stay duration, consumption patterns, and content diversity. The research findings indicate that, for Chinatown to develop into a destination for extended stays, it is essential to diversify cultural content, establish a global brand, achieve social integration through collaboration with local residents, and connect with the Busan International Tourism City project through the construction of a smart tourism environment and global marketing. Through these efforts, Chinatown can transform from a mere tourist attraction into a sustainable platform encompassing the local economy and culture. This study suggests that the development of Korea-China cultural content and the establishment of an international network can position Chinatown as one of Busan’s leading tourist attractions and a central hub for Korea-China exchange. It also provides practical implications for regional balanced development and cultural city policies. Furthermore, the study proposes concrete strategies for revitalizing the local economy and enhancing Busan’s international standing, demonstrating how Busan can take a significant step toward becoming a global tourism hub city.

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This paper analyzes the issue of maritime boundary delimitation between South Korea and China through an intersectional approach that integrates international law and international politics. In the contemporary era, the ocean is no longer merely a repository of resources or a route for transportation; rather, it has been redefined as a strategic domain of central importance. In particular, the maritime space of Northeast Asia has emerged as a region of intensifying structural tensions, where the U.S.–China strategic rivalry, Japan’s military normalization, China’s maritime expansion, and South Korea’s redefined security strategy intersect.Within this context, the Provisional Measures Zone (PMZ) in the West Sea stands out as a representative case in which interpretations of international law come into direct conflict with national strategic objectives. Under the so-called “West Sea Project,” China is accumulating maritime control through a combination of activities, including the construction of structures disguised for civilian use, maritime surveys, and surveillance operations. This represents a case in which international law is utilized as an instrument of national strategy and reflects an attempt to institutionalize state interests through legal instrumentalization. In contrast, South Korea continues to emphasize international legal legitimacy based on the equidistance/midline principle, but remains structurally disadvantaged in terms of effective control and the construction of a negotiation framework. This paper argues that China’s approach is not merely a collection of legal measures, but a strategic plan aimed at restructuring maritime order and gaining the initiative in negotiation dynamics. It further examines the structural characteristics of international law, which, while functioning as an autonomous and universal normative system, is simultaneously subject to relativization and instrumentalization in accordance with the power relations of international politics. The maritime boundary delimitation between Korea and China must be understood as a complex strategic domain where legal legitimacy and effective control operate simultaneously. The issue of maritime boundary delimitation between South Korea and China should be understood as a complex strategic domain in which international legal legitimacy and effective control operate simultaneously. South Korea cannot secure a leading position in negotiations by relying solely on normative claims. A strategy that simultaneously upholds the principles of international law and strengthens control at sea, alongside diplomatic pressure, is essential—and must serve as a core strategic framework for the long-term protection of maritime sovereignty. In response to China’s installation of maritime structures and attempts to expand its influence, South Korea must assert leadership in shaping the direction and framework of maritime boundary delimitation through a response that combines legal legitimacy with effective measures.

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