Against the backdrop of China’s economic restructuring and intensifying workplace competition, employee job satisfaction has declined significantly. To explore culturally specific dimensions of psychological capital (PsyCap) such as "relational resilience" and "collective hope," and further explain the dilemma of "high engagement but low satisfaction" in China, this study, based on the Conservation of Resources (COR) Theory and the perspective of cultural psychology, investigates the mediating role of PsyCap in the relationship between work engagement and job satisfaction, as well as the moderating effects of industry type and education level. This study adopts a mixed-methods research approach. First, a literature review was conducted to construct a theoretical model of "work engagement → PsyCap → job satisfaction," with industry type and education level set as moderating variables. Subsequently, a stratified sampling survey was carried out in the core economic regions of eastern China. Electronic questionnaires were distributed to employees in the manufacturing industry and high-tech industry (samples from the two industries each accounted for 50%, consistent with the national industrial structure). After screening out invalid questionnaires, 428 valid questionnaires were finally obtained, with an effective recovery rate of 91.1%. The sample was representative in terms of demographic characteristics: the 26-35 age group (the main labor force) accounted for 58%, females accounted for 52.1%, and education levels ranged from junior high school and below to master’s degree and above. The research measurement tools included: (1) Work Engagement Scale, which consists of two dimensions: autonomous engagement and obligatory engagement; (2) Psychological Capital Scale, focusing on two dimensions: "hope for organizational support" and "resilience rooted in family responsibility"; (3) Job Satisfaction Scale, which includes two dimensions: intrinsic satisfaction and extrinsic satisfaction. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and the Bootstrap method (5,000 resamplings). The main research results are as follows: (1) Full mediating effect of PsyCap: Work engagement had a significant positive predictive effect on PsyCap (β=0.61, p<0.001), among which both obligatory engagement (β=0.45, p<0.001) and autonomous engagement (β=0.39, p=0.003) were significant; PsyCap had a significant positive predictive effect on job satisfaction (β=0.70, p<0.001), and the contribution of the "hope" dimension (β=0.51, p<0.001) was higher than that of the "resilience" dimension (β=0.38, p=0.005). The direct effect of work engagement on job satisfaction was not significant (β=0.09, p=0.215), and the mediating effect of PsyCap accounted for 82.7% of the total effect. (2) Moderating effects: Industry type moderated the path of "work engagement → PsyCap"; education level moderated the path of "PsyCap → job satisfaction." The interaction between the two revealed a "dual-track mechanism": employees with low education in the manufacturing industry followed the path of "obligatory engagement → resilience → satisfaction" (β=0.36, p<0.001), while employees with high education in the high-tech industry followed the path of "autonomous engagement → hope → satisfaction" (β=0.49, p<0.001). Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the model had a good fit (χ²/df=2.15, CFI=0.96, RMSEA=0.052), and the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) of all constructs was greater than 0.5, while the Composite Reliability (CR) was higher than 0.8. Theoretically, this study deepens the cultural adaptability of PsyCap and expands the connotation of the COR Theory by emphasizing social resources such as family well-being. Practically, the study provides differentiated strategies: manufacturing enterprises can enhance employees’ resilience through family support measures such as children’s education subsidies; high-tech enterprises can strengthen employees’ sense of hope by improving the transparency of promotion. This study has limitations, including its cross-sectional design and samples concentrated in eastern China. Future research can adopt a longitudinal design and expand the samples to central and western China.

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The Great Wall National Cultural Park of China is a large-scale and systematic national cultural project, in which the construction of Great Wall village landscapes constitutes an essential component. The theory of narrative landscape plays a significant role in interpreting historical and cultural landscapes, as it reveals the contextual continuity of the landscape and shapes its poetic imagery. Accordingly, this study focuses on the Great Wall villages in the eastern Hebei (Jidong) section and aims to explore design approaches and methods for enhancing the landscape of these villages through the integration of narrative landscape theory. Under the background of rural revitalization, this research seeks to provide scientific guidance grounded in landscape architecture for the landscape development of the Great Wall National Cultural Park and its villages, as well as a reference framework for similar studies in other regions. In the Introduction, the study explains the research methods adopted, including literature review, interviews, field surveys, and comprehensive analysis. Chapter II employs literature research and expert interviews to organize the geographical distribution and historical evolution of the Great Wall villages in Jidong, classifying them into three types: fortress-type villages, garrison-type villages, and resource-based villages. A list of key villages in the Jidong section is also compiled as a basis for subsequent research. Chapter III synthesizes and generalizes the theoretical framework of narrative landscapes based on literature review, and integrates it with field survey results of current landscape conditions. The design concept of narrative landscape is applied to the three village types to propose an overall design framework and thematic direction for each category. To translate theory into practical application, Chapter IV selects Zhuanghe Village in Qinhuangdao City, a representative garrison-type village, as a case study. Based on field investigations, the current conditions and problems of the village are analyzed. The landscape is decomposed into overall spatial atmosphere, spatial units (productive, living, and ecological spaces), and material and immaterial elements. Three historical periods are selected for narrative structuring, forming a coherent sequence of narrative landscape spaces. The design process—from identifying narrative elements to reconstructing narrative spaces—is analyzed in depth. Finally, four main conclusions are drawn: Great Wall villages in the Jidong section can be categorized into fortress-type, garrison-type, and resource-based types. Narrative themes are proposed for each village type. The narrative landscape elements of Zhuanghe Village are extracted. Based on historical-periodic themes, the narrative landscape of Zhuanghe Village is reconstructed. These findings provide specific strategies for the narrative landscape design of Great Wall villages in the Jidong section and offer valuable insights for the landscape development of other Great Wall regions.

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This paper takes the decorative elements of buyao golden leaves on the Korean Peninsula as its primary research object and explores their evolution from physical form to aesthetic connotation within a cross-cultural East Asian framework. Drawing on archaeological typology, technological analysis, and iconographic interpretation, it traces the origin of buyao in early Chinese ritual and decorative systems and demonstrates how, during the Han and Jin dynasties, its forms and symbolism were transmitted eastward and underwent processes of localization and reinterpretation. The study pays particular attention to the transformation and recombination of golden leaf motifs during the Goguryeo and Silla periods, revealing how craftsmen achieved aesthetic innovation through changes in material carrier, decorative density, and rhythmic motion. The findings indicate that Korean artisans not only inherited the dynamic aesthetic principles of Chinese and Central Asian crown ornaments but also restructured them creatively according to local belief systems, ritual codes, and aesthetic values. By incorporating indigenous symbols such as tree-like “Y-shaped” branches and abstract bird-wing forms, they generated a distinctive visual language that combined sacred vitality with hierarchical order. The process of cross-cultural translation seen in these artifacts thus embodies both technological hybridity and cultural agency. It reflects the multilayered accumulation and interaction of East Asian material civilizations and underscores the Korean Peninsula’s active role in reconstructing its own cultural subjectivity through artistic adaptation, innovation, and synthesis. Ultimately, buyao golden leaves function as tangible evidence of how aesthetic concepts, ritual meaning, and technical knowledge circulated, converged, and transformed across East Asia during antiquity.

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In the traditional Chinese painting, architectural elements not only serve the function of space construction, but also act as visual symbols of cultural concepts and philosophical thoughts, becoming an important means of expression. This paper takes the representative paintings of the Song and Ming Dynasties as the research objects, relying on the theory of Iconology, and systematically combs the visual representation and cultural value of architecture in paintings from the two levels of "the form of external meaning" and "the connotation of internal meaning". The research finds that the architectural depiction in Song Dynasty paintings is mostly characterized by natural and soft brushwork, emphasizing the integration with the landscape environment, reflecting the Taoist concept of "unity of man and nature" and "following nature"; while Ming Dynasty paintings focus more on symmetry and order, paying attention to the precision of structure and the clarity of hierarchy, reflecting the visual reproduction of Confucian ritual system and ethical spirit. It can be seen that the Song Dynasty focuses on natural philosophy, while the Ming Dynasty pays more attention to social norms and order. This paper, by means of iconology, combines the research of art history, architectural history and ideological culture, aims to reveal the era's thinking and cultural connotations carried by the architectural imagery in Chinese paintings, and to provide a new theoretical path for the interdisciplinary research of art and architecture.

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Enterprises may lawfully hold the data they collect and process; however, current legislation does not clearly define the legal nature of the rights that enterprises enjoy over such lawfully held data. If enterprises were granted highly exclusive property rights, the balance between corporate and individual interests could not be maintained; conversely, if enterprise rights were confined to a fragmented “bundle of rights,” the effective exercise of data rights would be undermined. Accordingly, enterprises should be recognized as possessing a singular yet non-absolute entitlement grounded in lawful holding and control—namely, the Limited Holding Right in Corporate Data Resources. The core function of this holding right lies in enabling enterprises to realize the economic value of data within the scope of lawful authorization. Its “limited” nature operates on two dimensions. First, under the Personal Information Protection Law (PIPL), Article 45, individuals may exercise the right to data portability to transfer their economic interests while retaining personality interests, thereby achieving a balance between dignity and property. Second, within the corporate market order, data transaction freedom must be safeguarded, reasonable data scraping must be tolerated, and monopolistic practices must be prevented. Consequently, reasonable scraping by other enterprises should not automatically be deemed “unfair competition” under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL), Article 2, but should instead be evaluated comprehensively in light of the scraping conduct, scope, utilization outcomes, and social value.

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In recent years, amidst China’s economic slowdown and escalating fiscal revenue-expenditure tensions, local governments face dual pressures of declining revenue growth and rigid expenditure increases, bringing fiscal sustainability issues to the forefront. Against this backdrop, the amended “Audit Law of the People’s Republic of China (2021)” explicitly mandates “enhancing the effectiveness of audit supervision.” How institutional reforms in government auditing can improve expenditure efficiency has thus become critical. As a key oversight mechanism in the national governance system, high-quality government auditing is crucial for regulating fiscal fund usage and optimizing resource allocation. However, existing research lacks systematic analysis of the impact mechanisms and regional heterogeneity of government audit quality on expenditure efficiency. Building upon information asymmetry theory and public expenditure principal-agent theory, this study utilizes provincial panel data from 2009-2020. We employ the DEA-SBM super-efficiency model to measure expenditure efficiency and construct a comprehensive audit quality evaluation index to empirically test the impact of audit quality on expenditure efficiency. The findings indicate a significant positive correlation between government audit quality and expenditure efficiency, mediated through enhanced fiscal transparency. Regional heterogeneity analysis reveals a stronger promoting effect in Eastern China. This research provides empirical support for the “long-term mechanism for audit rectification” proposed in the “14th Five-Year Plan for National Audit Work Development,” confirming that strengthening the synergy between audit supervision and fiscal transparency under digital transformation represents an institutional innovation path for resolving soft budget constraints and enhancing fiscal expenditure efficiency. It also offers theoretical justification for “building a modern fiscal system with a centralized, unified, comprehensively covered, authoritative, and efficient audit supervision system.”

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The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on absorptive capacity, innovative behavior and management performance of Chinese Small and Medium sized Enterprises. For this purpose, a research model and hypotheses are developed based on the relevant literature reviews. Data have been collected from CEOs of Chinese small and medium sized manafacturing enterprises and the empirical findings were tested by structural equation modeling analysis. The empirical findings are as follows. First, entrepreneurial orientation has not a positive effect on management performance, but a positive effect on absorptive capacity and innovative behavior. Second, absorptive capacity has a positive effect on innovative behavior. Third, absorptive capacity and innovative behavior have a positive effect on management performance respectively. Finally, absorptive capacity and innovative behavior have a simple and double mediating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and management performance. Based on the results, this study presents a few significant implications for the exercise of desirable entrepreneurial orientation of CEOs to improve the management performance of Chinese SMEs.

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The industrial structure has different results reflected in economic growth depending on the requirements for specialization or diversity. This study was a traditional heavy and chemical industrial area, but in order to escape the aging image, the effect of the change in the industrial structure of the region on economic growth was confirmed for the three northeastern provinces, which are currently implementing the New Northeast Promotion Policy. Chinese statistical data from 2003 to 2018 were used, and a fixed-effects model was adopted through Hausmann's test and used as a model for the study. The variable related to industrial structure diversity, which is the main explanatory variable, was used by calculating the entropy index, and the control variable was constructed in consideration of the neoclassical growth theory and the endogenous growth theory. As a result, the effect of industrial structure diversity on economic growth was negative in all units of the three northeastern provinces, and the level of statistical significance was low. The bottom three adults, Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang, produced statistically insignificant results. These results indicate that rather than policies pursuing industrial diversity in the three northeastern provinces, policies related to improving efficiency and high value-added for specific industries should be implemented.

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This study aims to explore the convergence technology and support policies of China's smart elderly care according to the development of ICT over the past 15 years and to derive future research topics and directions. CNKI, a Chinese DB platform, collected 6,346 academic papers related to smart elderly care under the condition that they included ‘Smart’ and ‘Elderly care’ in the abstract. The keywords collected from these papers were refined, resulting in 1,970 keywords for Period 1, 3,707 for Period 2, and 4,831 for Period 3. Among them, 44, 60, and 69 keywords were ultimately used for analysis. The results of the analysis using UCINET software are as follows. First, in terms of technology application, research on ‘AI’, ‘Robots’ and 'Metaverse’ will be actively conducted over the next five years, supported by policy guidelines. In particular, case studies on elderly care robots will be added. Second, in terms of policy support, the government-led fostering of the ‘Silver economy’ and ‘Smart elderly care’ is an approach to solving the aging society through technology, which will secure technological competitiveness in the global market in the future. Third, in terms of core topics, it is necessary to pay attention to the ‘Time Bank’ and ‘Virtual Elderly Care Facility’ platform. These are sustainable models centered on smart home care that can solve social problems such as high Elderly care costs, Elderly care burden, and lack of Elderly care resources.

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